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Who was Saint Patrick?

teSaint Patrick:
The person who was to become St. Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland, was born in Wales about AD 385. Far from being a saint, until he was 16, he considered himself a pagan. At that age, he was sold into slavery by a group of Irish marauders that raided his village.

La personne qui devait devenir Saint Patrick, Saint Patron de l’Irlande, est née au Pays de Galles vers 385 après JC. Loin d’être un saint, jusqu’à l’âge de 16 ans, il se considérait lui-même comme un païen. A cet âge, il fut vendu comme esclave par un groupe de maraudeurs irlandais qui avait pillé son village.

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He escaped from slavery after six years and went to Gaul where he studied in the monastery under St. Germain, bishop of Auxerre for a period of twelve years. During his training he became aware that his calling was to convert the pagans to Christianity.

Il parvint à s’enfuir au bout de six ans et s’en alla en Gaule où il étudia dans un monastère sous la direction de l’évêque Saint Germain l’Auxerrois, pendant douze ans. Pendant ses études, il prit conscience que sa vocation était de convertir les païens au christianisme.

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His wishes were to return to Ireland, to convert the native pagans to Christianity. But his superiors instead appointed St. Palladius. But two years later, Palladius transferred to Scotland. Patrick, having adopted that Christian name earlier, was then appointed as second bishop to Ireland.

Son souhait était de retourner en Irlande pour convertir les païens autochtones au christianisme, mais ses supérieurs nommèrent à sa place Saint Palladius. Deux ans plus tard, Palladius fut muté en Ecosse. Patrick, qui avait adopté ce nom chrétien antérieurement, fut alors nommé deuxième évêque d’Irlande.

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Patrick was quite successful at winning converts. And this fact upset the Celtic Druids. Patrick was arrested several times, but escaped each time. He travelled throughout Ireland, establishing monasteries across the country. He also set up schools and churches which would aid him in his conversion of the Irish country to Christianity.
His mission in Ireland lasted for thirty years. After that time, Patrick retired to County Down. He died on March 17 in AD 461. That day has been commemorated as St. Patrick’s Day ever since.

Patrick fut très habile à gagner des convertis, ce qui indisposait les druides celtes. Patrick fut arrêté plusieurs fois, mais s’échappa toujours. Il voyagea dans toute l’Irlande, fondant des monastères dans tout le pays. Il créa aussi des écoles et des églises qui l’aidèrent dans la conversion de l’Irlande au christianisme.
Son sacerdoce en Irlande dura trente ans. Après cette période, Patrick se retira dans le Comté de Down et mourut le 17 mars 461 après JC. Ce jour est commémoré en tant que jour de la Saint Patrick depuis.

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Bess, Cecil and James

MEETING between ELIZABETH 1 of England and JAMES 6 of Scotland
A passage from Elizabeth 1, the film, starring Helen Mirren.
There is no historical evidence that the meeting actually took place.

RENCONTRE entre ELIZABETH I d’Angleterre et JACQUES VI d’Ecosse.

Un extrait du film Elizabeth I, avec Helen Mirren dans le rôle principal.

Il n’existe aucune preuve historique que la rencontre se soit effectivement produite.

Queen: Hard to believe that this creature in the hat is the King of Scotland. No one must hear of this Master Secretary, do you understand?

La reine: Difficile à croire que cet individu avec son chapeau est le roi d’Ecosse. Personne ne doit être mis au courant de cette rencontre; c’est bien compris M. le Secrétaire d’Etat.

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Lord Cecil: We understand each other very well, Madam.

Lord Cecil: Nous nous comprenons parfaitement, Madame.

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James: My only wish, apart from to beg of you your kindness is again to ask you for an increase in the pension which you have so kindly allotted me.

Jacques: Mon seul souhait, outre le fait d’implorer votre bonté, est de renouveler ma demande d’une augmentation de la pension que vous avez eu la bonté de m’octroyer.

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Queen. No

La reine: C’est non

James: …is to beg you for some clear statement to my surely undoubted right to succeed you on the English throne.

Jacques: c’est de vous implorer de déclarer clairement que vous me reconnaissez le droit indubitable de vous succéder sur le trône de l’Angleterre.

Queen: undoubted … (sneering) undoubted….

La reine : indubitable … (avec un rire méprisant) indubitable…

James: Your letter assures me you will not be prejudicial to my cause.

Jacques: Vous m’assurez dans votre lettre que vous ne serez pas hostile à ma cause.

Queen: I have come to instruct you to be less pleasant to your catholic nobility
… and to ensure you do not make overtures to any nobles of our Court.

La reine: Je suis venu vous enjoindre d’être moins aimable envers vos nobles catholiques…

et m’assurer que vous ne faites point d’avances aux seigneurs de ma Cour.

James: Overtures, Madam; what overtures. I have little knowledge of the English Court.

Jacques: Des avances, Madame; mais quelles avances? Je connais très peu la Cour d’Angleterre.

Queen : Then you have to acquire some if you dream of ruling over it.

La Reine: Dans ce cas, il vous faudra apprendre à mieux la connaitre, vous qui rêvez de la diriger.

James: It ill becomes me to strife with a Lady.

Jacques: Il me sied mal de me quereller avec une Dame.

Queen: The fame of our Nobility has reached even as far as Scotland I imagine.

La Reine: Le renom de notre Noblesse a quand même du parvenir jusqu’à l’Ecosse, je suppose.

James: Our poor country is so far from the great lights. We go to bed early and have little informed conversation.

Jacques: Notre pauvre pays est si éloigné des grandes lumières. Nous nous couchons tôt et notre conversation est fort peu avisée.

Queen: Not even the Earl of Essex is talked of?

La Reine: Le Comte d’Essex vous serait-il inconnu?

James: I have heard his name of course. I have been told he is a very handsome lad. I have had many tales of the handsome lads of London.

Jacques: Je le connais de nom bien sûr. On m’a dit que c’était un bien joli garçon. On m’a souvent vanté les jolis garçons de Londres.
Someone: Your majesty

Quelqu’un: Votre Majesté
Queen: Here is a messenger from the very place. You’ll excuse me. (leaves)

La reine: Voici un messager en provenance de Londres justement. Veuillez m’excuser.
James: (addressing Cecil) Tell me how it is to be ruled by a woman, Milord?

Jacques (à Cecil): Dites moi, Monsieur ce que vous pensez d’être gouverné par une femme.
Cecil: I like it well, your majesty.

Cecil: Cela me plait bien, votre Majesté.
James: She grows old.

Jacques: Elle vieillit.
Cecil: As do we all.

Cecil: Nous vieillissons tous.

James: And the Earl of Essex?

Jacques: Et le Comte d’Essex.

Cecil: He’s ever kind to me, your Majesty.

Cecil: Il a toujours été bon pour moi, Majesté.
James: When I am King, I shall have handsome young men around me and we shall use women as dogs do bitches, for our pleasure and their profit…

Jacques: Quand je serai roi, je m’entourerai de beaux jeunes hommes et nous traiterons les femmes comme les chiens traitent les chiennes, pour notre plaisir et pour leur bien.

Be sure she called that fellow so that she can watch us at her leisure…

Je suis sûr qu’elle a fait venir ce messager pour pouvoir mieux nous observer à sa guise.

Careful at that.

Prenez garde.

Guy Fawkes- Gunpowder-treason and plot

Gunpowder treason and plot …

Read the story of Guy Fawkes and learn about the tradition attached to Bonfire night on the fifth of November.

England at the time of Elizabeth I
The queens and kings of England
Mary Tudor 1553-1558,
aka “Bloody Mary”

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• She was a Catholic and her husband was the king of Spain.
• During her reign, Protestants were persecuted: some were imprisoned, tortured, hanged or burnt to death.

English Protestants
The queens and kings of England

Elizabeth I 1558-1603

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• She was a Protestant queen. Now it was the turn of Catholics to suffer.
• The Catholic mass was forbidden and people were fined if they did not attend Protestant services.
• Catholics who disobeyed the Law could be jailed or executed for treason.

The queens and kings of England
James I 1603-1625
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• As soon as he came to power, there were attempts to murder him.
• King James was a devout Protestant with no time for Catholic or Puritan ideas.
• He was a very intelligent but unpopular king.

Catholic “recusants” [= réfractaires]
It was a crime to hear or to say Catholic prayers or masses.

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The King’s soldiers would even enter private homes to harass or arrest Catholics.

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Catholics and Protestants in Europe

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Who was he?

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Guy Fawkes was a devout Catholic.

Guy Fawkes’s life

In his 20s Guy left England to join the king of Spain’s army in the Netherlands.

A soldier of fortune
When the Spanish attacked fortified towns they used cannons and gunpowder to break down the walls. Guy Fawkes soon became an expert soldier, especially at manipulating gunpowder.

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A secret mission
But Guy or Guido as he was then called never forgot his Catholic friends in England.
• One of his Catholic friends came to visit him in the Netherlands.
• This friend Thomas Wintour told Guido about a plot to assassinate king James I.
• Guy knew many of the other plotters as he had been to school with them.
• Guido finally returned to England to join the conspiracy.
The plotters
There were 13 plotters in all.

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The Conspiracy
The plot was to blow up the king, the members of his Parliament and the Lords.

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The Plan
They rented a house near Parliament Hall and stocked the gunpowder in the cellars.

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They rowed the gunpowder barrels across the Thames River at night.

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The tunnel in the cellar
… they dug a tunnel from their house cellar to the cellars under Parliament House.

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All set
Once everything was ready, Guido would light the fuse to blow up the barrels.
The plotters waited for the King to open Parliament to give Guido his orders.

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The mysterious letter
But there was a traitor in the group.

An anonymous letter warned the King that a plot to assassinate him was underway.

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The plotters were stopped
Guy Fawkes was arrested by the King’s guards just as he was ready to light the gunpowder barrels.

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Guy Fawkes was arrested
Guy was taken before the King but refused to talk.

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Guy Fawkes was tortured…
Guy Fawkes was brutally tortured for 4 days…

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He finally cracked up…

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And signed a confession…

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His tortures had been so extreme that he could hardly sign his confession.

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Public execution
The other plotters were either arrested or killed. The survivors were sentenced to death with Guy Fawkes.

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Executions were public in order to set a terrifying example for any would-be terrorists.

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That was how the King made sure his people would learn the lesson.

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How the English reacted
On the night of November the 5th, the King’s supporters celebrated the failure of the Gunpowder Plot.
They lit bonfires and made a model of Guy. Then they threw this dummy into the flames!

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A penny for the guy!
Ever since, children have been going from door to door asking for money to make a dummy of Guy and to buy fireworks.

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Bonfire Night today
Then they make huge bonfires and put the “Guy” on top of the fire.

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• The air is filled with smoke, flashes and flames.
• You can hear fireworks exploding too.
• This reminds people what would have happened if Guy Fawkes had not been found!

They chant around the fires a very old rhyme:

“Remember, remember,
The 5th of November
The gunpowder treason and plot.

I see no reason,
Why gunpowder treason
Should ever be forgot.”

Opening Parliament today
Before any monarch can “open Parliament” tradition asks that special security checks are made…

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… Yeomen of the Guard [= hallebardiers de la garde royale] search the cellars of the Houses of Parliament before the Queen opens Parliament.
But the ceremony is kept secret!

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